Saltar al contenido

Índice de contenidos

2023

2022

2021

2019

2015

Artículos

2023

López-Lambas, M. E., Alonso, A., Ramírez-Saiz, A., & Pereira, A. (2023). These Boots Are Made for Walking: A Qualitative Study on the Perceived Barriers to Pedestrian Mobility in Madrid. Future Transportation, 3(1), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3010008

As an active mode of transportation, walking has proven to be an effective strategy to tackle environmental problems while improving health. The current paper highlights the main factors that either encourage or deter pedestrians in their daily trips by analyzing the arisen discussions in three different Focus Groups (FGs), which were later synthesized into factors ranking according to their positive or negative outcomes. The results help identify these factors and show how a variety of target groups (seniors, young adults, middle-aged adults, divided by male and female perspective) perceive the city in different ways: younger adults prioritize accessibility and quality of the infrastructure, females highlighted the insecurity suffered during nighttime trips, and older adults emphasized the relevance of street maintenance. Finally, the benefits of walking on physical and mental health are viewed positively amongst all target groups, considering walking as a means to help people reduce stress.

Keywords: barriers; pedestrian mobility; walkability; travel behaviour; sustainable transportation

Alonso, A., Monzón, A., Aguiar, I., & Ramírez-Saiz, A. (2023). Explanatory Factors of Daily Mobility Patterns in Suburban Areas: Applications and Taxonomy of Two Metropolitan Corridors in Madrid Region. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12010016

Understanding the characteristics that shape mobility could help to achieve more sustainable transport systems. A considerable body of scientific studies tries to determine these characteristics at the urban level. However, there is a lack of studies analyzing those factors for the heterogeneous zones existing in the suburbs of big cities. The study presented in this paper intends to fill this gap, in the context of two metropolitan corridors in the Madrid Region. Correlation analyses are used to examine how mobility patterns are affected by socioeconomic and urban form variables. Then, a cluster analysis is carried out to classify the types of zones we may find in the suburbs. Results show that the main characteristics leading towards higher car use are low urban density, few local activities, a high percentage of children, and a low percentage of seniors. As for the variable distance to the city center, it does not explain car use. Moreover, some remote areas have many walking trips. This is well understood in the cluster analysis; there are zones far away from the city center but that are dense and well provided for, which work as self-sufficient urban centers. Results reinforce the theories underlying polycentrism as a solution to the urban sprawl challenge.

Keywords: suburban mobility; explanatory factors; metropolitan corridors; urban form; land use; socioeconomic characteristics; residential trips; household surveys

2022

Daudén, F. J. L., Pinedo, J. C., & Moreno, M. B. (2022). Genealogía de la ciudad de 15 minutos: aproximación a los conceptos. Cuadernos de investigación urbanística, (142), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2022.142.4885

La importancia de acceder a todos los servicios urbanos relevantes en menos de 15 minutos de viaje es fácil de entender, pero parece que, no por casualidad y debido a las restricciones de movilidad por la pandemia del COVID-19, ha cobrado por fin protagonismo en varias ciudades por todo el mundo. Si bien la idea de Carlos Moreno no es nueva, su reciente inclusión en la agenda política en un cierto número de ciudades sugiere que ha llegado a un punto de madurez en la discusión política, abarcando acciones para reducir las emisiones, cuestiones asociadas al tráfico, la reconquista del espacio público por parte de los peatones y la promoción de la interacción y participación, la defensa de estilos de vida más saludables y el envejecimiento activo. Al ser un concepto en desarrollo, la ciudad de 15 minutos requeriría de su validación científica, como han empezado a hacer diversos equipos en ciudades como Barcelona o Nápoles y, ulteriormente e integración en la “caja de herramientas” profesional de planificadores urbanos y de transporte, para llegar a generalizarse. En ese sentido, parece imprescindible entender tanto sus antecedentes conceptuales como las claves de su puesta en práctica. En esta ponencia, se exploran los principios y estrategias enunciados por Carlos Moreno y su equipo (Moreno et al. 2020) y se relacionan con antecedentes y conceptos más propios de la disciplina. Por ejemplo, el “Cronourbanisme” (la vinculación de ritmos y espacios cotidianos, al decir de Moreno), con la “Planificazione temporali” italiana o con el Urbanismo de género; la “Topo-philie” (apego al lugar) con el “Place-making” o el “New urbanism” o el de “Chronotopie (uso diferenciado de un lugar según la temporalidad) con los cierres temporales de calles o el Urbanismo táctico, a través del caso de Paris y también en otros menos conocidos pero muy similares, como Portland (20-minutes neigborhoods, 2012), Melbourne (20-minutes neigborhoods, 2017) y Ottawa (15-minutes neigborhoods, 2019)

Keywords: ciudad de 15 minutos; cronourbanismo; ciudad de proximidad; ciudad paseable

Ramírez Saiz, A., Alonso, A., Jiménez Martín, D., & Lamíquiz, P. (2022). Can Proximal Environments Prevent Social Inequalities Amongst People of All Ages and Abilities? An Integrative Literature Review Approach. Sustainability, 14(19), 12911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912911

Although many studies are currently examining the city of proximity as a way to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly cities, few consider it meaningful to achieve an “inclusive” mobility model for people of all ages and abilities, including people with disabilities, children, or the elderly. This literature review paper focuses on the extent to which the city of proximity can provide inclusive mobility and reduce inequalities in the urban scene, thus achieving social sustainability. Out of the 256 references analysed under an integrative review methodology, only 10 delivered solid results. One of the main contributions of this paper is an indicator and sub-indicator system to improve the integrative methodology in urban studies, which led to the identification of several incoherencies in proximity models in terms of accessibility and design for all risking fostering urban with these policies. Although the mentioning of vulnerable collectives may mean a rise in inclusion awareness, one of the most relevant outputs of this paper is the lack of specific measures to revert the disadvantageous situations that conventional mobility planning delivers, as well as the neglection to use proximity actions to promote inclusive and socially resilient urban cities.

Keywords: inclusive design; social sustainability; social inequalities; healthy cities; proximity models; urban mobility; cities for all; urban resilience; spatial justice; liveable communities

2021

Carpio-Pinedo, J., Benito-Moreno, M., & Lamíquiz-Daudén, P. J. (2021). Beyond land use mix, walkable trips. An approach based on parcel-level land use data and network analysis. Journal of Maps, 17(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1875063

Land use mix is one of the cornerstones for urban sustainability, in opposition to functional segregation and zoning policies. Land use mix is a prerequisite for urban proximity dynamics, healthier lifestyles and public space vitality. However, methodological shortcomings to its measurement remain and are responsible for the unexpected weak association with pedestrian activity. This study puts forward a novel method to reframe, measure and map land use mix as ‘walkable trips’, a closer approach to its benefits based on functional and spatial complementarity. The method draws on newly available cadastral microdata at the parcel-level that, combined with trip generation rates and network analysis tools, enable a detailed assessment and mapping of potential for walkable trips, as well as a proxy to the spatial patterns of urban vitality, in line with the principle of the 15-minute city. The method is applied to the case of the Madrid metropolitan area.

Keywords: land use mix; walkability; urban vitality; cadastral data; 15-minute city; Madrid

Carpio-Pinedo, J., Pozo Menendez, E., Lamiquiz Dauden, F. J., & Higueras Garcia, E. (2021). When a city must be a tree: rethinking the spatial approach to fighting epidemics based on the notion of ‘intermediate confinement’. Urban Design International, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00160-y

Principles of sustainability defend compactness, density and diversity as main characteristics of the optimal development of cities. These factors support public transport efficiency, economic activity, accessibility to equipments and services, proximity and walkability of streets and social exchanges in open public spaces. The Covid-19 pandemic crisis has called into question these factors perceived as booster of infections. However, dense and compact cities can also be the synonym of a more efficient provision of services, along with solidarity networks and creative solutions to fight the sanitary and economic crisis. Based on Alexander’s (1965) concepts of ‘tree’ and ‘semi-lattice’, this study aims to identify areas in the urban tissue that could be self-sufficient, that is functionally autonomous to manage epidemics from the neighbourhood scale. Encouraging healthier lifestyles during lockdown is fundamental for social resilience. What alternative spatial approach to fighting epidemics could perform better? How could an “intermediate confinement” based on self-sufficiency and the promotion of healthier environments become a major priority for action? The analysis of Madrid (Spain) offers a suitable case study due to its density, diversity and high contagiousness during the Covid-19 crisis, revealing also some issues to apply such ‘intermediate confinement’ strategy, due to major spatial imbalances.

Keywords: Network analysis; Urban Health; Neighbourhood Unit; Walkable city; Pandemics; Covid-19

Carpio-Pinedo, J. (2021). Multimodal transport and potential encounters with social difference: A novel approach based on network analysis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(1), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1662727

Direct experience of social difference is crucial if lower levels of prejudice and greater social cohesion are to be achieved in our cities. Despite their key role of connecting places and people, transport infrastructures have scarcely been assessed as facilitators of encounters with social difference. Furthermore, urban contexts are progressively more complex due to the increasing relevance of transport multimodality along with the unequal degree of access to different transport modes. Building upon network analysis and consolidated accessibility measures, this study presents multi-accessibility as a concept and quantitative instrument to evaluate the potential encounter of difference in city spaces opened up by multimodal transport infrastructures. Multi-accessibility is also presented as a relevant and complementary policy avenue to enhancing social cohesion through transport planning and land use policies in the future. Two planning scenarios for the case of the Madrid metropolitan area illustrate the application, utility and interpretability of the instrument.

López-Lambas, M. E., Sánchez, J. M., & Alonso, A. (2021). The walking health: A route choice model to analyze the street factors enhancing active mobility. Journal of Transport & Health, 22, 101133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101133 

Introduction. The promotion of walking for transportation is a promising strategy to address not only the traffic bottlenecks or environmental pollution but also to provide health benefits to the patrons. Nevertheless, as enhancing active modes of transportation, including trips to and from shops-is easier in small or medium cities, it is quite a complex task in big urban areas.

Methods. In the framework of the R + D + i DESPACIO project, in 2018, a street and online survey was carried out in the city of Madrid to gather information about different mobility habits, focusing on pedestrian mobility and on the respondents’ perceptions of issues related to mobility on foot. In order to promote more trips on foot, this study analyzed the factors influencing the walking route choice, other than distance. Some respondents also drew on a map the routes undertaken the previous day, indicating the trip purpose. Using the TransCAD software, the real factors that influenced the respondents when walking were obtained.

Results. The key factors for selecting the walking routes were those linked to attractiveness (e.g., green areas, amenities, tourist attractions, etc.) and accessibility (e.g., obstacles, pavement width). The purpose of the trip did not change much the results, although they were accentuated when the trips were made for shopping.

Conclusions. The applied methodology confirms that pedestrian streets, with green areas or access facility —and, hence, less noisy and polluted — were those enhancing a walking habit, and they were also the ones preferred by the citizens, who appreciated those attributes above the more classic ones of distance and time. Therefore, the street design and the pedestrian routes were found to be the most suitable to achieve healthier cities and citizens.

Keywords: pedestrian; LEZ; model route; street factors; urban configuration

2019

Carpio-Pinedo, J., De Gregorio Hurtado, S., & Sánchez De Madariaga, I. (2019). Gender mainstreaming in urban planning: the potential of geographic information systems and open data sources. Planning Theory & Practice, 20(2), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2019.1598567

While gender mainstreaming has become a key principle for fostering equality across all fields of policy, actual implementation in the field of urban planning is still underdeveloped. We posit that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and open data sources can and should be useful tools that effectively contribute to devising more effective ways of implementing a gender-sensitive agenda in urban planning. We take the case of Madrid to illustrate how these tools can contribute to gender mainstreaming in planning by building a methodology based on the concepts of infrastructures for everyday life and the perception of safety.

Keywords: gender mainstreaming (GM); infrastructures for everyday life; perceived safety; Geographic Information Systems; open data; Madrid

2015

Pinedo, J. C., & Daudén, P. J. L. (2015). Proximidad del comercio e indicadores de accesibilidad: aplicación a la planificación y regulación en el marco normativo actual. Ciudades, (18), 217-237. https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.18.2015.217-237 

El comercio en entornos de proximidad es un servicio básico para la población, con múltiples implicaciones para la ciudad, la vitalidad del espacio público y la equidad social. Este trabajo indaga sobre las posibilidades del concepto y las medidas de accesibilidad, para, en el actual marco normativo que regula la actividad comercial, poder llegar a construir indicadores cuantitativos que sirvan para la protección y fomento del comercio en entornos de proximidad. Para ello, se analiza el encaje del concepto de accesibilidad dentro de las “razones imperiosas de interés general”, las únicas que permite invocar la Directiva Europea 123/2006 “Bolkestein”. A continuación se valoran diversas propuestas de indicadores para el caso comercial, de objetivos y aproximaciones diversas, proponiéndose un marco de análisis basado en su utilidad y precisión, así como su potencial para la planificación y normativa urbanístico-comercial.

Keywords: comercio; planeamiento urbano; proximidad; accesibilidad; indicadores; urbanismo comercial

Libros

Pozueta, J., Lamíquiz F., Porto M., 2009. “La Ciudad Paseable: recomendaciones para un planeamiento, un diseño urbano y una arquitectura considerados con los peatones”. Madrid: CEDEX, Ministerio de Fomento